{"id":2704,"date":"2022-11-14T22:30:25","date_gmt":"2022-11-14T22:30:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/?p=2704"},"modified":"2025-03-17T12:21:37","modified_gmt":"2025-03-17T12:21:37","slug":"stop-removing-outliers-just-because","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/pt\/202211\/stop-removing-outliers-just-because\/","title":{"rendered":"Stop removing outliers just because!"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/bright-yellow-torn-paper-inside-hole-with-inscription-stop-red-background_SMALL.jpg\" alt=\"STOP\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Outliers are data points that stand out for being different from the remaining data distribution. An outlier can be:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">An odd value in a feature<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">A data point distant from the centroid of the data<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">A data point in a region of low density, but between areas of high density.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2709 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/types_of_outliers-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"960\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/types_of_outliers-1.png 960w, https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/types_of_outliers-1-300x115.png 300w, https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/types_of_outliers-1-600x229.png 600w, https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/types_of_outliers-1-768x294.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/>Suppose you have been working in data science. In that case, you are already familiar with the concept, and you have probably integrated different methods in your pipelines to <b>detect<\/b>, <b>transform<\/b>, or even <b>remove<\/b> outliers from your data.<\/p>\n<p>If so,<b> be careful<\/b>! Outliers do not respect the data distribution, so you should not pretend they do by removing inconvenient data points or transforming their features to become closer to the remaining data distribution. I know you need to handle them to avoid nonsensical values disturbing your pipeline. Still, you can also let the model know those data points are outliers instead of ignoring that information. The two main questions here are: <b>Why? <\/b>e <b>How?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Why? <\/b>Because you never know the cause of an outlier. It can represent either an error in the data acquisition process or a real anomaly in your population. This is highly relevant when dealing with <b>Fraud Detection<\/b>, <b>Predictive Maintenance, <\/b>or <b>Compliance Validation <\/b>situations<b>. <\/b>In these use cases, you want to detect the odd values (outliers) to prevent further risks.<\/p>\n<p><b>How?<\/b> Creating new features that represent how odd a data point is. If you make this information clear to the model, it will be able to detect the outliers by itself. But if outliers can be of different forms (as seen in the figure above), what features can represent their oddness? Find the answer in the next section!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Features for Outliers<\/h2>\n<h3>Mahalanobis Distance<\/h3>\n<p>You can use different distance algorithms to compute how far a data point is from the centroid. We recommend the Mahalanobis distance since it is better to deal with <b>multivariate outliers resulting<\/b> from unusual combinations between multiple variables. For example, consider these three variables: weight, height, and gender. A height of 150 cm is not that unusual for the Portuguese female population, and a weight of 90kg is not uncommon for the Portuguese male. However, a female Portuguese with 150 cm and 90 kg would be very unique.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2712 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/mahalanobis_vs_euclidean-1-1024x514.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"514\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/mahalanobis_vs_euclidean-1-1024x514.png 1024w, https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/mahalanobis_vs_euclidean-1-300x151.png 300w, https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/mahalanobis_vs_euclidean-1-600x301.png 600w, https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/mahalanobis_vs_euclidean-1-768x386.png 768w, https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/mahalanobis_vs_euclidean-1.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Density Estimation<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Previously we saw a feature that measures the distance to the centroid, but what if the data distribution has a shape like the one in the figure below?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2710 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MoG_density-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"955\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MoG_density-1.png 955w, https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MoG_density-1-300x89.png 300w, https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MoG_density-1-600x178.png 600w, https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MoG_density-1-768x228.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 955px) 100vw, 955px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In this case, an outlier can be a data point located in the regions where the density distribution has a depression, no matter the distance to the centroid. So a good feature to represent it would be the data density in the neighborhood of the data point.<\/p>\n<p>You can use methods like KDE (Kernel Density Estimation) to estimate the density. However, this method can be too computationally expensive. So we propose a more straightforward and cheaper method: <b>binning.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p>There are two ways of using binning to estimate density distribution:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">Use bins with <b>equal widths: <\/b>Split the data into equal-width bins and compute the density of each bin. The fewer points the bin has, the more normal the data point is.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">Use bins with <b>equal frequencies:<\/b> Split the data into equal-frequency bins and compute the width of the bin. The larger the bin, the more abnormal the data point is<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Autoencoders Reconstruction<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2711 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/autoencoder-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/autoencoder-1.png 960w, https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/autoencoder-1-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/autoencoder-1-600x450.png 600w, https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/autoencoder-1-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Training an autoencoder with your data will let the encoder learn the data distribution of the different variables and their relationship. Then, when the autoencoder receives a data point that deviates from the remaining data, it won\u2019t be able to reconstruct the data point correctly.<\/p>\n<p>A good feature to represent outliers would be the distance between the input, X, and the output, X\u2019 (e.g., cosine distance). Higher distances will be correlated with odder data points.<\/p>\n  \n\n <div class=\"author-cta\">\n\t\t<div class=\"author-cta-img\">\n\t\t    \n\t\t    <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"906\" src=\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Web-Rafael.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Rafael Cavalheiro NILG.AI\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Web-Rafael.png 1024w, https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Web-Rafael-300x265.png 300w, https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Web-Rafael-768x680.png 768w, https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Web-Rafael-600x531.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t    <\/div>\n\n<div class=\"author-cta-content\">\n\t<h3>Do you want to further discuss this idea?<\/h3><p>Book a meeting with <strong>Rafael Cavalheiro<\/strong><\/p>\t<a class=\"cta_btn\" onclick=\"Calendly.showPopupWidget('');return false;\"  \n\">Meet Rafael<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/pt\/?post_type=team&p=1650\" class=\"author-cta-link\">Saber mais<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n<h2>Final Remarks<\/h2>\n<p>Now that you know how to detect outliers, you have a new trick to detect possible frauds, anomalies, or errors without needing to collect data for all those exceptions. Here, we presented you with three different ways to do so.<\/p>\n<p>For more ideas on how to get the most out of your data, subscribe to our newsletter below and stay tuned.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Outliers are data points that stand out for being different from the remaining data distribution. An outlier can be: An odd value in a feature A data point distant from the centroid of the data A data point in a region of low density, but between areas of high density. Suppose you have been working [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":2731,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[48,73,55,45],"class_list":["post-2704","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technical","tag-ai4tech","tag-anomaly-detection","tag-data-quality","tag-machine-learning"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Stop removing outliers just because! - NILG.AI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Outliers can be more meaningful than you think. Learn how to use them in your favor instead of removing them from your data.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/pt\/202211\/stop-removing-outliers-just-because\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Stop removing outliers just because! - NILG.AI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Outliers can be more meaningful than you think. Learn how to use them in your favor instead of removing them from your data.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/pt\/202211\/stop-removing-outliers-just-because\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"NILG.AI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-11-14T22:30:25+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-03-17T12:21:37+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/bright-yellow-torn-paper-inside-hole-with-inscription-stop-red-background_SMALL.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1707\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Paulo Maia\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@nilg_ai\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@nilg_ai\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Paulo Maia\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/202211\/stop-removing-outliers-just-because\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/202211\/stop-removing-outliers-just-because\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Paulo Maia\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/#\/schema\/person\/a860b9395bd25c5090160a3ac30e980d\"},\"headline\":\"Stop removing outliers just because!\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-11-14T22:30:25+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-03-17T12:21:37+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/202211\/stop-removing-outliers-just-because\/\"},\"wordCount\":703,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"AI4tech\",\"Anomaly Detection\",\"Data Quality\",\"Machine Learning\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Technical\"],\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/202211\/stop-removing-outliers-just-because\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/202211\/stop-removing-outliers-just-because\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/202211\/stop-removing-outliers-just-because\/\",\"name\":\"Stop removing outliers just because! - NILG.AI\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/nilg.ai\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2022-11-14T22:30:25+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-03-17T12:21:37+00:00\",\"description\":\"Outliers can be more meaningful than you think. 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